Vision 2030 in Action: How the 2018 Driving Reform Shaped Women’s Labor Participation in Urban and Rural Saudi Arabia

This research investigates how the 2018 lifting of the female driving ban in Saudi Arabia influenced women’s labor force participation, with a particular focus on regional disparities between urban and rural areas. Grounded in the broader Vision 2030 reform agenda, the study uses data from the General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT) and the World Bank to examine changes in employment patterns before and after the policy shift. By comparing regions such as Riyadh, Makkah, Jazan, and Najran, the paper highlights how access to mobility reshaped women’s economic opportunities unevenly across the country.

Using descriptive trend analysis and a regression model with time and regional interaction terms, the research shows that female labor force participation rose substantially after 2018, especially in urban centers. Riyadh and Makkah experienced sharp increases, while rural regions saw more modest gains. The econometric results suggest that metropolitan areas benefited disproportionately from the reform, gaining an additional seven percentage points in female participation compared to rural regions. This indicates that while the policy removed a major legal barrier, its effectiveness depended heavily on complementary factors such as infrastructure, job availability, and prevailing social norms.

The study concludes that the driving reform was a critical catalyst for women’s economic inclusion, but not a sufficient condition for equal outcomes across regions. Structural inequalities, regional development gaps, and cultural constraints continue to shape labor market access for women, particularly in rural areas. By linking mobility rights with labor economics, the paper contributes to the literature on gender and development and underscores the need for targeted regional policies to ensure that Vision 2030’s gender equity goals translate into inclusive and sustainable labor market participation across Saudi Arabia.